Chandan is known as one of the oldest and precious plant with great fragrance. The scientific name of the plant is Santalum album. This belongs to the family Santalaceae. Chandan plant is an ever green plant that can grow up to 20 m attain girth up to 2.4 m wide with branches which are drooping and slender. The bark of the tree can be of dark brown color, red color, dark grey or of black color in the young plants. In the older plants, these barks are with deep cracks and of red color from inside. The sapwood of the stems is white in color and odorless. On the other hand, heartwood is of yellow brown color with strong fragrance. Leaves of the Chandan are ovate elliptical shaped, 3 to 8 cm long and 3 to 5 cm wide, usually present oppositely and have shiny green appearance from the upper side. These are glabrous and glaucous. The tips of the leaves can be either pointed or rounded. Its stalk is grooved and long up to 5 to 15 cm. flowers of the Chandan plant are of purple brown color and small in shape. The straw of the flowers are of red, green or violet color. These are 4 to 6 mm long with 6 terminal or axillary, unscented clusters of peniculate cymes. Its fruits are fleshy indehiscent, globose, purple to black in color, about 1 cm in diameter when ripe. These have a hard endocarp and scar which are smooth, stalk less and single seeded.
There are two main varieties of sandalwood, one is Indian and other is Australian. In Indian one, Flowers flourish in the months of March and April. The fruits ripe in the cold season. In Australian, flowers flourish in December and January. Fruits appear in June to September. This plant requires approximately 20 to 25 inches rainfall every year and cannot tolerate water logging.
Chandan word is derives from Sanskrit and Persian (chandan). Generally it is known as White sandalwood, Safed Chandan and Srigandha.
This plant has a great reference found in Indian mythology, scripture and folklore. It is found in literatures like Arthashastra (200 BC), Patanjali Mahabhasaya (100 BC), Vinaya Pitaka (400-300 BC), Milinda Pahna (200 BC), Anguttara, Kautilya and Dhamma. It is also known to be mentioned in the holy books Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Chandan and its essential oil derived from its heartwood has been used to treat various ailments. The scent of the essential oil of Chandan calms the mind, nervous system, and mood thus awakens and enliven intelligence, courage, strength and happiness. This is also used for medicinal purpose as it has sedative, aromatic, diuretic, diaphoretic, disinfectant, aphrodisiac, cardio tonic, expectorant, haemostatic and antipyretic properties which can help to treat problems like acidity, gonorrhea, bronchial and skin ailments.
This plant do all these activities with the help of phytochemicals present inside the plant parts. The main chemical constituent of essential oil is santalola which is composed of C15H24O. It has hydrocarbons like santene, nortricyclo-ekasantalene, aldehydes like nor-tricyclo-kasantalal 3,7,8 and the acids α-and β- santalic acids and alcohols like santenol, α-santalol, beta-santalol, teresantalol and more. The leave wax contain hydropalmitone and palmitone.
Chandan is found in countries like India, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand. These flourish well from the sea level up to 1800 m in sandy, lateritic and loamy soil. Trees found on stony hills have high content of scent in their woods.
In India, it is found mainly in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. In Tamil Nadu, it distributed over 3000 sq. kms in Javadis hills, Chitteri hills and Yelagri hills. It is also found in states like Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Manipur.
Hindi / Sanskrit |
English |
||
Rasa |
Madhura, Tikta |
Taste |
Sweet, Bitter |
Guna |
Laghu, Rooksha |
Physical Property |
Light, Dry |
Virya |
Sheeta |
Potency |
Cold |
Vipaka |
Katu |
Metabolic Property (After Digestion) |
Pungent |
It helps to control and manage the kapha and pitta doshas.
Charak Samhita |
Vagbhata |
Sushrut Samhita |
· Angamada Prassamana -Group of herbs that relieves bodyaches · Varnya - Skin complexion enhancing group of herbs · Kandughna - Itching-relieving group of herbs. · Daha Prasamana - Group of herbs that relieveburning sensation · Trishna Nigrahana - Group of herbs that relieve excessive thirst · Vishaghna - Anti toxic group of herbs |
· Guducyadi · Salasaradi · Sarivadi · Patoladi · Priyangvadi |
· Guducyadi · Sarivadi · Patoladi · Priyangvadi · Asanadi |
The Bhavprakash nighantu, Edition of 1998, verse11 to 13, page no. 186 - 187.
It states that it is known with the names of Srikhanda, chandan, madhrashri, Tilaparnaka, Gandhasara, Malayaja and Chandradyuti.
Best Chandan is white in color, bitter in taste, after being rubbed gives yellow color and if it broken in pieces gives red color. It appears white from the outside. It is considered as best if it is rough in texture.
This has properties like cold potency, dry and light nature, pacifies pitta in the body, it manages fatigue, weakness, thirst, heat and blood impurities.
REFERENCES
The Bhavprakash nighantu with elaborated Hindi commentary by Padmashri prof. K.C. Chunekar, edited by Dr. G.S. Pandey: Edition of 1998, verse11 to 13, page no. 186 - 187.